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A Review of Current Literature. Abstract. This review explores the relationship between engagement with the creative arts and health outcomes, specifically the health effects of music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing. Although there is evidence that art- based interventions are effective in reducing adverse physiological and psychological outcomes, the extent to which these interventions enhance health status is largely unknown. Our hope is to establish a foundation for continued investigation into this subject and to generate further interest in researching the complexities of engagement with the arts and health.
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More specifically, there is evidence that engagement with artistic activities, either as an observer of the creative efforts of others or as an initiator of one's own creative efforts, can enhance one's moods, emotions, and other psychological states as well as have a salient impact on important physiological parameters. Chronic diseases are a nationwide burden, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death during the past century and the incidence of diabetes continuing to increase, now affecting more than 2. Americans. 3,4 These diseases are associated with psychosocial difficulties such as depression. Engagement with creative activities has the potential to contribute toward reducing stress and depression and can serve as a vehicle for alleviating the burden of chronic disease.
In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of binary random variables, so it is a discrete-time stochastic process that takes only two values, canonically 0 and 1. Visit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free PDF. Pearson Course Content. Pearson is the world leader in publishing, education and learning. Pearson Prentice Hall, along with our other respected imprints, provides educational materials, technologies, assessments and related.
Over the past decade, health psychologists have cautiously begun looking at how the arts might be used in a variety of ways to heal emotional injuries, increase understanding of oneself and others, develop a capacity for self- reflection, reduce symptoms, and alter behaviors and thinking patterns. Given the ubiquity of creative expression, as well as the relative ease of engagement, the extent to which psychological and physiological effects are sustainably health enhancing is an important area for public health investigation.
We reviewed research in the area of art and healing in an effort to determine the creative therapies most often employed. Four primary therapies emerged: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing. In these forms of expression, arts modalities and creative processes are used during intentional interventions to foster health. By assessing the use of these processes in clinical and qualitative trials, one can determine how others have found benefit in tying the intricacies of artistic meaning to the complexities of health and wellness. Our hope is to expand effective exploration of these concerns. We further believe that certain social and environmental factors are converging to thrust the central questions related to better understanding the relationship between art and health into the spotlight of expanded and vigorous attention.
Globalization, bringing with it the need to embrace the broad cultural diversity around how personal and societal philosophies interoperate, will put a premium on finding more effective ways to create and share meaning and meaningfulness. This need for meaning and relevance in daily experience has long been recognized as one of the fundamental driving forces in artistic creation and engagement. Similarly, expansion of individual and community health- enhancing efforts worldwide and an acceptance of the definition of health as being more than the absence of illness are spurring active investigation into the fundamentals of whole- person approaches to creating and sustaining health. Investigating the relationship between art and health offers some interesting ways to bridge these 2 important areas of inquiry and perhaps provide timely and important insights into each. Art and health have been at the center of human interest from the beginning of recorded history.
Despite that fact, and despite the invested effort and growth of knowledge and understanding in each arena, it is interesting that we often still find ourselves struggling with the “fundamentals” of art and health and their meaning in society. We make no attempt to clarify or resolve these fundamental issues. Instead, our intent is to summarize current knowledge about the connection between art and health, identify the most compelling next steps for investigation, and generate further interest in researching the complexities of art and health. Legitimate research questions include whether certain art- based therapies are more or less effective than others, whether the impact of therapy can be tied to other important variables and preconditions, and whether health benefits are sustained or short term. These issues deserve vigorous continued attention.
We conducted a review of current research to determine what is known about art and healing. The goals of our review, primarily covering the period 1. METHODSWe focused on creative arts or expressive activities that were conducted primarily in North American and European countries and primarily with adults. We excluded studies focusing on complementary medicine practices.
Although the literature in this review targeted adults (aged 1. Also, we excluded articles about art education or art in professional career development. Finally, we did not evaluate the relationship of creative expression with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia, severe developmental disorders, end- of- life issues, the use of art with incarcerated populations, or the impact of religion on health outcomes. We assessed how creative expression as a healing process has been used in both clinical and informal practice to promote wellness and healing. We searched the following databases and Internet sites, covering the recent period of 1. Medline (Pub. Med) for general health care literature; Proquest, specifically Psyc. INFO for psychology journals and CINAHL for nursing and allied health literature; the Cochrane Library for health care reviews; and the Web of Science database including the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Index, and the Arts and Humanities Index.
Primary keywords included the arts and medical outcomes, the creative arts and healing or wellness, creative expression and healing or wellness, the arts and health care, creative expression and illness, music therapy, art therapy, and creative expression and humanities. In the Cochrane Library evidence- based literature, the only studies that included references to art or creative expression were those associated with the treatment of schizophrenia or schizophrenia- like illnesses. Cochrane database studies in our review. In addition to the sources just mentioned, specific journals were also targeted because of their connection to art and health: Health Education Research, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Health Education and Behavior, The Arts in Psychotherapy, and the Journal of Music Therapy. We also searched literature from 1. Pub. Med (Me. SH art therapy database) to determine whether there were further foundational research articles, but we did not find any abstracts matching our criteria.
However, we found 1 randomized controlled trial in Pub. Med, and we included that study. Because music therapy was observed to be a predominant source of research in the arts and healing, the Journal of Music Therapy was also reviewed for foundational articles. As mentioned, 4 major areas of arts and health care emerged from our review: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing.
Therefore, we focused on the potential of these creative areas to promote healing. RESULTSThe idea that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process has been embraced in many different cultures. Throughout recorded history, people have used pictures, stories, dances, and chants as healing rituals. In fact, although arts therapy has been used clinically for more than a century. Only in recent years have systematic and controlled studies examined the therapeutic effects and benefits of the arts and healing. Nevertheless, we have seen positive outcomes for the potential of using art to promote healing in our 4 primary areas of focus.
This article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of all of the literature available (other authors have provided comprehensive overviews in areas such as music therapy. Instead, it represents a sampling of the many potential benefits of art in enhancing health and wellness. Music Engagement.
Music is the most accessible and most researched medium of art and healing, and there has been a principal emphasis on the soothing capacity of music and its ability to offset overly technological approaches to care. In particular, music therapy has been shown to decrease anxiety. The pleasure shared by participants in the healing process through a music therapy program can help to restore emotional balance as well. There is also evidence of the effectiveness of auditory stimulation, together with a strong suggestion that such stimulation abolishes pain, as a strategy for achieving control over pain.
In addition, it has been shown that music can calm neural activity in the brain,4. As the activity levels of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala decrease in response to calming effects of music, there may be corresponding reductions in the signals being sent to other parts of the brain. Table 1 outlines the results of key studies we reviewed that focused on music engagement. Details of the Music Engagement Studies Reviewed. In a lengthy review of the music therapy literature from 1.