It is based on the typological theory proposed by Carl Jung. Upon meeting her future son- in- law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members.
The idea of psychoanalysis (German: Psychoanalyse) first started to receive serious attention under Sigmund Freud, who formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s. Freud was a neurologist. Welcome to StevePavlina.com, one of the most popular personal development websites in the world. Tens of thousands of people come here each day for inspiration and motivation. The purpose of this website is to help.
Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies, and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous, executive, and social. After extensively studying the work of Jung, they turned their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use.
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Myers graduated first in her class from Swarthmore College in 1. However, neither Myers nor Briggs were formally educated in the discipline of psychology and were self- taught in the field of psychometric testing. Hay, who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and who went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test construction, scoring, validation, and statistical methods. The indicator changed its name to .
Under these auspices the first MBTI Manual was published in 1. The MBTI received further support from Donald W. Mac. Kinnon, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research (IPSR) at the University of California, Berkeley; W. Harold Grant, a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University; and Mary H. Mc. Caulley of the University of Florida. The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press (CPP) in 1. Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT) was founded as a research laboratory.
The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions, although with some differences in expression from Jung's model (see Differences from Jung below). While the Jungian model offers empirical evidence for the first 3 dichotomies, it is unclear whether the Briggs had evidence for the J- P preference.
The responses to items are considered . This is contrary to the . Indeed, Jung was a proponent of the . Supporters of the projective approach to personality assessment are critical of the structured approach because defense mechanisms may distort responses to the closed items on structured tests. Judging vs. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate together in the opposite orientation. If the dominant cognitive function is introverted the other functions are extraverted and vice versa.
The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung's work to the balance in psychological type as follows: . For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant.. Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character.
However, although psychologist Hans Eysenck called the MBTI a moderately successful quantification of Jung's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types. I have always found difficulties with this identification, which omits one half of Jung's theory (he had 3. Obviously the latter half of his theory does not admit of questionnaire measurement, but to leave it out and pretend that the scales measure Jungian concepts is hardly fair to Jung. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or . None of these types are . For instance: ESTJ: extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), judgment (J)INFP: introversion (I), intuition (N), feeling (F), perception (P)These abbreviations are applied to all 1.
Four dichotomies. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more judgmental or less perceptive. Nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude; it simply indicates for one preference over another. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference (for example, very clear vs. The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development.
Attitudes: extroversion/introversion. Extraversion means literally outward- turning and introversion, inward- turning.
Note that extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called . Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things (. The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other. People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further.
If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion . To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include the following: Extraverted are action- oriented, while introverted are thought- oriented. Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence.
Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverted prefer more substantial interaction. Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the opposite process. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses.
They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come . For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities.
For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data. Thinking and feeling are the decision- making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information- gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules.
Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important.
As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, . Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have . A type's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function. According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function.
The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the shadow. Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition. Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception.
So TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as empathetic. So SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters . The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling.
Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is extraverted sensing. Format and administration. The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements.
Choices are not literal opposites but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose. Using psychometric techniques, such as item response theory, the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference, and clarity of preference, in each dichotomy.
After taking the MBTI, participants are usually asked to complete a . Most were eventually discarded because they did not have high . Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows the MBTI to have fewer items on it but still provide as much statistical information as other instruments with many more items with lower midpoint discrimination. Additional formats. At the time of her death, she was developing a more in- depth method of measuring how people express and experience their individual type pattern.
In 1. 98. 7, an advanced scoring system was developed for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (TDI) (Saunders, 1. MBTI, Form J. It yields 2. They also load onto one of the four type dimensions. There are also scales for type- scale consistency and comfort- scale consistency.
Reliability of 2. TDI subscales is greater than 0. This was initially known as . This tool is now called the . Step III was advertised as addressing type development and the use of perception and judgment by respondents.
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Punch serial), by George Grossmith and Weedon Grossmith (illustrated HTML with commentary at fiftywordsforsnow. Catalogue of an Exhibition of Paintings by Robert Henri, Charles Bittinger, Theresa Bernstein; and Etchings by William Meyerowitz: April, Nineteen Hundred Twenty (Rochester, NY: Memorial Art Gallery, 1.
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Wilson, 1. 86. 0), by George Morton. Short Sketch of the Life of Sergeant- Major J. Nunnerley, Late of the Lancashire Hussars, and Formerly Sergeant of the .
Draper, 1. 89. 0)The Glory Road (New York: E. Dutton and Co., 1. Arthur Hopkins (page images at Hathi. Trust)Rabbinic Essays (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1. Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (page images at Hathi. Trust)The Norbecks of South Dakota (1. Peter Norbeck and George Norbeck, contrib.
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William Murtha Wilder (page images at Hathi. Trust)Hymnen an das Leben (in German; Leipzig: Insel- Verlag, ca. Emile Verhaeren, trans. Himmer, 1. 91. 9), by Martin Riedm. Pelz. Appletons' Cyclopaedia of Applied Mechanics: A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering and the Mechanical Arts (2 volumes; New York: D.
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The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States (revised edition; New York: Duffield and Co., 1. Benjamin Brawley (multiple formats at archive.
Machine Tool Operation, Part I: The Lathe; Bench Work and Work at the Forge (New York: Mc. Graw- Hill Book Co.; London: Hill Pub. Co., 1. 91. 9), by Henry D.
Burghardt (multiple formats at Google)Zur Geschichte der Instrumental- Musik: Eine Productive Kritik (in German; Leipzig: Breitkopf und H. Burghardt (multiple formats at Google)Enqu. Torrent, 1. 90. 6), by H. Hopkins (multiple formats at Google)My Life in Poetry (New York: Bookman Associates, c. Stanton A. Coblentz (page images at Hathi. Trust)Letters from India, Describing a Journey in the British Dominions of India, Tibet, Lahore, and Cashmere During the years 1.
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Trust)Il Conflitto del Pacifico: Per. Squarci, 1. 91. 9), by Giuseppe Maria Perrone (page images at Hathi. Trust; US access only)Die Erdbeben des Indischen Archipels bis zum Jahre 1. German; Amsterdam: J. Co., 1. 91. 5) (page images at Hathi. Trust)The Story of the Miao (London: H.
Hooks, 1. 91. 9), by Samuel Pollard, contrib. Dymond (page images at Hathi. Trust)September 9, 2. The Everyday Song Book (fourth edition; Chicago: The Cable Co., c. Penn)The House on the Moor (3 volumes; London: Hurst and Blackett, 1.
Mrs. Oliphant. The Wizard's Son (3 volumes; London: Macmillan and Co., 1. Mrs. Oliphant. The Ladies Lindores (3 volumes; Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1. Mrs. Oliphant. At His Gates (3 volumes; London: Tinsley Bros., 1. Mrs. Oliphant. Hester: A Story of Contemporary Life (3 volumes; London: Macmillan, 1. Mrs. Oliphant. It Was a Lover and His Lass (London et al.: Hurst and Blackett, 1.
Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text)The Sorceress (New York: J. Taylor and Co., c. Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text)Whiteladies: A Novel (New York: H.
Holt and Co., 1. 87. Mrs. Oliphant. Pacific Short Story Club Magazine (full serial archives)Short Story Quarterly, ed. Wenzell (multiple formats at Indiana)The Plum Tree (Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill Co., 1.
David Graham Phillips, illust. Ashe (multiple formats at Indiana)The Husband's Story: A Novel (New York and London: D. Appleton and Co., 1. David Graham Phillips (multiple formats at Indiana)The Deluge (Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill Co., c. David Graham Phillips, illust.
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George Szab. Bergling (page images at Hathi. Trust)The Storytellers' Magazine (1. Anniversary, Farmers National Bank, Reading, Pa., 1. Farmers National Bank of Reading (page images at Hathi. Trust)September 8, 2. Bomb (student yearbook for Iowa State University and predecessors, 1. The Pantheon: Representing the Fabulous Histories of the Heathen Gods and Most Illustrious Heroes, in a Short, Plain and Familiar Method by Way of Dialogue (second edition; London: Printed for C.
Harper, 1. 69. 8), by Fran. Nesbit, Graily Hewitt, F. Ernest Jackson, and Gerald Spencer Pryse (partial serial archives)The Life and Epistles of St. Paul (2 volumes; London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1. William John Conybeare and J. Howson. Pantheum Mythicum, seu Fabulosa Deorum Historia, Hoc Primo Epitomes Eruditionis Volumine Breviter Dilucid. Molin, 1. 67. 5), by Fran.
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The End of Time: The First of the Rev. Watts His Discourses on the World to Come, Selected and Published for the More Easy Dispersing it, Into Private Families (Boston: S. Green, 1. 74. 0), by Isaac Watts (page images at uncg. The Accidence: or, First Rudiments of English Grammar, Designed for the Use of Young Ladies (London: Printed for the author and sold by J. Cabell, 1. 77. 5), by Ellin Devis (page images at uncg.
The Birth- Day Present; Simple Susan: Being the Second Volume of The Parent's Assistant, or, Stories for Children (third edition, with additions; London: Printed for J. Woodfall, 1. 80. 0), by Maria Edgeworth (page images at uncg. Darby and Joan: or, The Reward of Contentment (Baltimore, ca. Ellen: or, The Disinterested Girl (Philadelphia: American Sunday Schoool Union, 1. The Travels and Adventures, by Sea and Land, of Baron Munchausen (2. American edition; Baltimore: C.
Nickerson, 1. 83. The Franklin Primer: or, Lessons in Spelling and Reading, Adapted to the Understandings of Children (1. Miss Marjoribanks (London: Zodiac Press, n. Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text)Salem Chapel (copyright edition; Leipzig: B.
Tauchnitz, 1. 87. Mrs. Oliphant. The Curate in Charge (London: Macmilland and Co., 1. Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text)A Widow's Tale, and Other Stories (Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1. Mrs. Barrie (Gutenberg text)The Days of My Life: An Autobiography (New York: Harper and Bros., 1.
Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text)Merkland: or, Self- Sacrifice (New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1. Mrs. Oliphant (Gutenberg text and illustrated HTML)The Evolving Scholarly Record (Dublin, OH: OCLC Research, c. Brian F. Lavoie, Eric Childress, Ricky Erway, Ixchel M. Faniel, Constance Malpas, Jennifer Schaffner, and Titia van der Werf (PDF files with commentary at OCLC)Barbie, Remixed (2. Casey Fiesler, contrib. Hale (page images at Hathi. Trust)Las Clases Jornaleras de Puerto- Rico (in Spanish; Puerto Rico: Imp.
Kruk (page images at Hathi. Trust)The Polite Academy, or Complete Instructions for a Genteel Behaviour and Polite Address in Masters and Misses: Serving As a Foundation for the Manners and Behaviour of an Accomplish'd Gentleman or Lady in Any Stage of Life (London: Printed for R. Baldwin, 1. 75. 8) (page images at uncg. American Notes in Munich, ed.